Lesson Ideas
Starter Activities
Globalisation Bingo -
http://www.teachitgeography.co.uk/attachments/17718.pdf
Globalisation Anagram
http://www.teachitgeography.co.uk/attachments/17719.pdf
Link below with Globalisation lesson ideas from the RGS aimed at GCSE and A level students.
http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/64F31693-D1BA-4BA2-8256-4DE5EEBDACE3/0/Globalisation_PDF_GLP.pdf
Development and Globalisation
- Things To Learn
- The different ways in which development can be expressed (economic, demographic, social, political and cultural)
- How to measure development. You should know the meaning of GDP and GNP, how to calculate the human development index (HDI) and other ways of measuring development.
- Categories of development. You should know the meaning of the terms of 'first world', 'second world' and 'thord world'. You should also know the terms, 'developed' and 'developing' when applied to countries, and other terms such as least developed countries (LDC), newly industrialiseing(ed) countries (NIC), recently industriallised countries (RIC), centrally planned economies and oil rich countries.
- The meaning of the term 'globalisation' and the negative and positive impacts globalisation has on the world
- The progress of globalisation
- Global marketing
- Flows of capital, labour, products and consumption
- The growth of newly industrialised(ing) countries (NIC), particularly at the initial phase in the 'Asian Tiger' economies (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Lorea and Taiwan)
- Further growth of NICs with India and China (case studies below)
- Globalisation of services
- Growth of NICs in the twenty first century with new markets and new technologies. Reference should be made to at least one example - Brazil, Russia or Dubai should be considered (case study below)
- The concept of the North South divide
- The growth of the EU (see case study)
- Groupings of nations. You should be able to refer to free trade areas, custom unions, common markets and econimic unions.
- The characteristic and spatial organisation of TNCs
- The growth of TNCs
- The social, economic and environmental impacts of TNCs in both host and donor countries
- The process of trade and aid
- Definitions of economic and environmental sustainability
- the basic principles of ecotourism
Things to understand
The development continuum. You should know the meaning of this term and understand how the continuum has come about.
Globalisation. You should understand the processes that haved shaped globalisation and its development, such as free market ideas, deregulation of markets, GATT and WTO, trade blocs and the IMF and World Bank.
Global marketing. You should understand the development of global marketing and its relationship to patterns of production, distribution and consumption.
Initial NICs. You should understand how the initial NICs were able to develop and how compnaies set up by those countries eventually became TNCs.
The economic growth of China
The growth of India. You should understand how this economy grew, based largely on its service sector.
Growth in the twenty first century. As growth is ongoing, it is important that you keep your material up to date. For example, if you take Dubai, you should be aware of its recent financial difficulties.
Countries at low levels of economic development (LDC). You should understand how such countries arrived in this situation and what steps are being taken, by themselves and by outside agencies, to improve the situation.
The North South divide. You should understand the relationship between the North-South divide and the development continuum.
The consequences of the groupings of nations. You should understand the consequences in both positive and negative terms.
The impact of TNCs. You should understand the varied economic, social and environmental impacts on those countries in which TNCs choose to operate and in their countries of origin.
Trade and Aid. You should understand the argument between trade and aid in terms of which can be of greater benefit to the economic development of poorer countries.
Economic and environmental sustainability. You should understand the question of whether economic sustainability can be compatible with environmental sustainability.
Sustainable tourism. You should understand the principle of sustainable tourism and whether it can ever be a widespread reality.
Testing your Knowledge and Understanding
'Third World' is a term, usually used in the past which refers to all the poorer countries of the world. It is now usually replaced by developing world although many see this term as too simplistic within the development continuum.
NICs are newly industrialised countries. They have gone through this process within the last 40-50 years. Some books refer to 'industrialing' instead if 'industrialised' to imply that the process is still continuuing.
The more developed countries have higher levels of economic growth and GNP, but lower levels of population growth and infant mortality. Poorer countries have the opposite of this, and therefore a development gap has grown between these two groups of countries. The gap has increased with time.
As countries develop , they pass from one stage to another. The transition tends to be gradual with no sudden improvements in living standards. Therefore, there is a process, with countries at various stages of development and developing in different ways. Thius whole state is now often referred to as the development continuum.
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness in the worlds economic, cultural and political systems. One commentator described it as the way in which people's lives are increasingly intertwined in economic, political and cultural terms with distant people and places.
In the early 1950's, over 90% of the world's manufacturing was concentrated in the developed economies. As large compnaies grew in those areas, they began to search the world for cheaper manufacturing locations. TNCs developed, making foreign direct investement (FDI) in many countries of the then developing world. This move has been referred to as global shift. Transfer of technology has enabled such countries to increase their productivity, making them even more attractive to foreign investment. Now in the early twenty-first century, over 50% of all manufacturing employment is in the developing world.
Global marketing is marketing on a world-wide scale, Companies involved view the world as one market, creating products that fit the various regional market places. The ultimate goal is to sell the same product everywhere. For eg. Coca Cola.
The advantage of the'Asian Tigers' were
In countries in the inital phase if NIC development, wage levels began to rise, increasing the operating costs for TNCs. New countries were sought, where wage levels were low but where recent improvements in infrastructure has taken place. In the Asian Tigers, home companies had grown to the point where they too were looking to reduce their operatin costs and move overseas. In South Korea , a number of large companies known as chaebols (eg. Samsung) had developed along these lines.
Reasons that TNCs looked towards China to invest include:
India's economic growth has been based more on the service sector than on manufacturing. AT the beginning if the twenty-first century, around 50% of India's GDP was accounted for by the service sector. FDI in India occured mainly in the software and IT services sector. India leads the world in 'back office' functions - the IT-enabled services (call centres, accounts offices, data entry and conversation and knowledge services).
In the early twenty-first century there is a new evolving stage in which new markets are emerging. Countries such as Brazil, United Arab Emirites (UAE), Chile, Saudi Arabia and Russia are good examples of such changes. The momentum for these changes has been the need to raise living standards, give increased opportunities to the local population and to attract foreign investment into countries. Several of these countries are moving from centralised political and economic systems to more open marker situations.
The development continuum. You should know the meaning of this term and understand how the continuum has come about.
Globalisation. You should understand the processes that haved shaped globalisation and its development, such as free market ideas, deregulation of markets, GATT and WTO, trade blocs and the IMF and World Bank.
Global marketing. You should understand the development of global marketing and its relationship to patterns of production, distribution and consumption.
Initial NICs. You should understand how the initial NICs were able to develop and how compnaies set up by those countries eventually became TNCs.
The economic growth of China
The growth of India. You should understand how this economy grew, based largely on its service sector.
Growth in the twenty first century. As growth is ongoing, it is important that you keep your material up to date. For example, if you take Dubai, you should be aware of its recent financial difficulties.
Countries at low levels of economic development (LDC). You should understand how such countries arrived in this situation and what steps are being taken, by themselves and by outside agencies, to improve the situation.
The North South divide. You should understand the relationship between the North-South divide and the development continuum.
The consequences of the groupings of nations. You should understand the consequences in both positive and negative terms.
The impact of TNCs. You should understand the varied economic, social and environmental impacts on those countries in which TNCs choose to operate and in their countries of origin.
Trade and Aid. You should understand the argument between trade and aid in terms of which can be of greater benefit to the economic development of poorer countries.
Economic and environmental sustainability. You should understand the question of whether economic sustainability can be compatible with environmental sustainability.
Sustainable tourism. You should understand the principle of sustainable tourism and whether it can ever be a widespread reality.
Testing your Knowledge and Understanding
- Define the following terms:
- GDP
- third world
- NIC
'Third World' is a term, usually used in the past which refers to all the poorer countries of the world. It is now usually replaced by developing world although many see this term as too simplistic within the development continuum.
NICs are newly industrialised countries. They have gone through this process within the last 40-50 years. Some books refer to 'industrialing' instead if 'industrialised' to imply that the process is still continuuing.
- What do you understand by the term 'development gap'
The more developed countries have higher levels of economic growth and GNP, but lower levels of population growth and infant mortality. Poorer countries have the opposite of this, and therefore a development gap has grown between these two groups of countries. The gap has increased with time.
- What do you understand by the term 'development continuum'?
As countries develop , they pass from one stage to another. The transition tends to be gradual with no sudden improvements in living standards. Therefore, there is a process, with countries at various stages of development and developing in different ways. Thius whole state is now often referred to as the development continuum.
- What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness in the worlds economic, cultural and political systems. One commentator described it as the way in which people's lives are increasingly intertwined in economic, political and cultural terms with distant people and places.
- How has the global distribution of manufacturing changed in the last 60 years?
In the early 1950's, over 90% of the world's manufacturing was concentrated in the developed economies. As large compnaies grew in those areas, they began to search the world for cheaper manufacturing locations. TNCs developed, making foreign direct investement (FDI) in many countries of the then developing world. This move has been referred to as global shift. Transfer of technology has enabled such countries to increase their productivity, making them even more attractive to foreign investment. Now in the early twenty-first century, over 50% of all manufacturing employment is in the developing world.
- What is global marketing?
Global marketing is marketing on a world-wide scale, Companies involved view the world as one market, creating products that fit the various regional market places. The ultimate goal is to sell the same product everywhere. For eg. Coca Cola.
- In the initial phase of the development of NICs, the 'Asian Tigers' (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) were the first to emerge. What advantages did these countries possess for the development of manufacturing industry?
The advantage of the'Asian Tigers' were
- well developed infrastructure such as roads, railways and harbour facilities
- relatively well educated people who possessed skills
- government support, offering cheap loans etc
- good geographical locations
- cultural traditions that admire education and achievement
- less rigid laws and regulations on labour, taxation and pollution which allowed more profitable operations for TNCs
- After the inital phase of NIC development what caused a second generation of NICs to emerge?
In countries in the inital phase if NIC development, wage levels began to rise, increasing the operating costs for TNCs. New countries were sought, where wage levels were low but where recent improvements in infrastructure has taken place. In the Asian Tigers, home companies had grown to the point where they too were looking to reduce their operatin costs and move overseas. In South Korea , a number of large companies known as chaebols (eg. Samsung) had developed along these lines.
- The amount of foreign direct investment into China betwen 1984 and 2003 increased from 1 billion US dollars to almost 60 billion US dollars. Why were foreign companies keen to make such investments?
Reasons that TNCs looked towards China to invest include:
- government encouragement, as it moved the country from a centrally planned economy to a more market-orientated system
- the extremely large labour force
- special economic zones (SEZ) were established where foreign companies could get preferable tax rates
- China joined the WTO in 2001, giving greater access to global markets with a resulting trade boom.
- How was India's growth as a NIC different from other countries?
India's economic growth has been based more on the service sector than on manufacturing. AT the beginning if the twenty-first century, around 50% of India's GDP was accounted for by the service sector. FDI in India occured mainly in the software and IT services sector. India leads the world in 'back office' functions - the IT-enabled services (call centres, accounts offices, data entry and conversation and knowledge services).
- What is happening to NIC development in the twenty-first century?
In the early twenty-first century there is a new evolving stage in which new markets are emerging. Countries such as Brazil, United Arab Emirites (UAE), Chile, Saudi Arabia and Russia are good examples of such changes. The momentum for these changes has been the need to raise living standards, give increased opportunities to the local population and to attract foreign investment into countries. Several of these countries are moving from centralised political and economic systems to more open marker situations.
- What has happened to India between 1973 and 2000? Graph.
- poverty has fallen considerably
- very high figures in 1973-1974 with over half the population of India receiving less than $1 per day
- urban poor always at a lower percentage than the poor in rural areas
- both area show a similar pattern of decline, although the gap between urban and rural has decreased over this period
- in 1973-1974 the difference was large (urban 49% and rural 56.4%)
- in 1999-2000 the difference was much smaller (urban 23.6% and rural 27.1%)
- overall figures still large by 2000 in the light of India's huge population (over 1 billion by 2000)